When parsing a certificate with the basic constraints extension
the max_pathlen that was read from it was incremented regardless
of its value. However, if the max_pathlen is equal to INT_MAX (which
is highly unlikely), an undefined behaviour would occur.
This commit adds a check to ensure that such value is not accepted
as valid. Relevant tests for INT_MAX and INT_MAX-1 are also introduced.
Certificates added in this commit were generated using the
test_suite_x509write, function test_x509_crt_check. Input data taken
from the "Certificate write check Server1 SHA1" test case, so the generated
files are like the "server1.crt", but with the "is_ca" field set to 1 and
max_pathlen as described by the file name.
Signed-off-by: Andrzej Kurek <andrzej.kurek@arm.com>
Enable MBEDTLS_X509_ALLOW_EXTENSIONS_NON_V3 in the full config. There's
no reason to keep it out. We weren't testing it at all on the CI.
Add a missing dependency on !MBEDTLS_X509_ALLOW_EXTENSIONS_NON_V3 to
some test cases that either were testing that v3 extensions are only
accepted in v3 certificates, or where parsing returns a different
error when MBEDTLS_X509_ALLOW_EXTENSIONS_NON_V3 is enabled.
Add a few positive and negative test cases with
MBEDTLS_X509_ALLOW_EXTENSIONS_NON_V3 enabled.
Fix one test case with MBEDTLS_X509_ALLOW_EXTENSIONS_NON_V3 where the
intended output of mbedtls_x509_crt_info had changed in
890819a597 but the test case was missed
because it was never executed.
Signed-off-by: Gilles Peskine <Gilles.Peskine@arm.com>
This commit introduces two changes:
- Add in_msg and out_msg calculations for buffer upsizing. This was previously
considered as unnecessary, but renegotiation using certain ciphersuites needs
this.
- Improving the way out_msg and in_msg pointers are calculated, so that even
if no resizing is introduced, the pointers remain the same;
New tests added:
- various renegotiation schemes with a range of MFL's and ciphersuites;
- an ssl-opt.sh test exercising two things that were problematic: renegotiation
with TLS-ECDHE-ECDSA-WITH-AES-128-CCM-8 and a server MFL that's smaller
than the one negotiated by the client.
Signed-off-by: Andrzej Kurek <andrzej.kurek@arm.com>
The identifiers of the unmet dependencies of a test case are
stored in a buffer of fixed size that can be potentially to
small to store all the unmet dependencies. Indicate in test
reports if some unmet dependencies are missing.
Signed-off-by: Ronald Cron <ronald.cron@arm.com>
Fix potential buffer overflow when tracking the unmet dependencies
of a test case. The identifiers of unmet dependencies are stored
in an array of fixed size. Ensure that we don't overrun the array.
Signed-off-by: Ronald Cron <ronald.cron@arm.com>
Fix an intermittent crash when running test suites in non-verbose
mode (i.e. with -v off) and with the outcome file enabled. The
array unmet_dependencies was only filled in verbose mode, but was used
in write_outcome_result regardless.
Since unmet_dependencies only ever contains strings that are integers
written out in decimal, store the integer instead. Do this
unconditionally since it doesn't cost any extra memory.
It would be better to record the dependency names, both in the verbose
output and in the outcome file. But the dependency names are not
currently available at runtime.
Signed-off-by: Gilles Peskine <Gilles.Peskine@arm.com>
Conflicts:
* .github/issue_template.md, .github/pull_request_template.md:
The changes in Mbed Crypto are not relevant to Mbed TLS. Keep the
mbedtls versions.
Merge the latest state of the target branch (mbedtls/development) into the
pull request to merge mbed-crypto into mbedtls.
Conflicts:
* ChangeLog: add/add conflict. Resolve by using the usual section order.
Add dependencies on !MBEDTLS_SHA512_NO_SHA384 to X.509 and SSL unit
tests that use SHA-384 (identified based on having a description that
contains "SHA384" or "SHA-384").
Rename identifiers containing double-underscore (`__`) to avoid `__`.
The reason to avoid double-underscore is that all identifiers
containing double-underscore are reserved in C++. Rename all such
identifiers that appear in any public header, including ssl_internal.h
which is in principle private but in practice is installed with the
public headers.
This commit makes check-names.sh pass.
```
perl -i -pe 's/\bMBEDTLS_SSL__ECP_RESTARTABLE\b/MBEDTLS_SSL_ECP_RESTARTABLE_ENABLED/g; s/\bMBEDTLS_KEY_EXCHANGE_(_\w+)_(_\w+)\b/MBEDTLS_KEY_EXCHANGE${1}${2}/g' include/mbedtls/*.h library/*.c programs/*/*.c scripts/data_files/rename-1.3-2.0.txt tests/suites/*.function
```
Merge `unremove-non-crypto` into `mbedtls/development`. The branch
`unremove-non-crypto` was obtained by starting from `mbed-crypto/development`,
then reverting many commits that removed X.509 and TLS functionality when Mbed
Crypto forked from Mbed TLS (the “unremoval”), then make a few tweaks to
facilitate the merge.
The unremoval step restored old versions of some tls files. If a file doesn't
exist in mbed-crypto, check out the mbedtls version, regardless of what
happened during the unremoval of tls files in the crypto tree. Also
unconditionally take the mbedtls version of a few files where the
modifications are completely project-specific and are not relevant in
mbed-crypto:
* `.github/issue_template.md`: completely different. We may want to reconcile
them independently as a follow-up.
* `.travis.yml`: would only be reverted to an earlier tls version.
* `README.md`: completely different. We may want to reconcile them
independently as a follow-up.
* `doxygen/input/doc_mainpage.h`: the changes in crypto were minimal and not
relevant except as a stopgap as mbed-crypto did not have its own product
versioning in the Doxygen documentation.
* `tests/.jenkins/Jenkinsfile`: completely different.
* `tests/data_files/Makefile`: there were no changes in mbed-crypto,
but the unremoval step restored an old version.
Shell script for everything to do after the merge apart from the conflict
resolution:
```
tls_files=($(comm -23 <(git ls-tree -r --name-only HEAD) <(git ls-tree -r --name-only $(git merge-base upstream-crypto/development MERGE_HEAD))))
tls_files+=($tls_files .github/issue_template.md .travis.yml README.md doxygen/input/doc_mainpage.h tests/.jenkins/Jenkinsfile tests/data_files/Makefile)
git checkout --theirs HEAD -- $tls_files
git add -- $tls_files
```
Resolve the remaining conflicts:
* `library/CMakeLists.txt`:
* Keep the TLS definition of `src_crypto`
* `USE_SHARED_MBEDTLS_LIBRARY`: keep all three libraries, with both
`include` and `crypto/include` in `target_include_directories`, all with
version `2.21.0`.
* `programs/Makefile`:
* Reconcile the APPS lists (add/add from a differently-formatted common
ancestor): insert the `psa/*` from crypto into the tls list.
* Keep the `fuzz` target defined only in tls version.
* Keep the recipe (only in tls version) cleaning `ssl_pthread_server`
stuff for the `clean` target.
* `scripts/config.py`:
* `include_in_full`: add/add conflict. Keep both.
* `tests/scripts/all.sh`:
* `component_test_no_use_psa_crypto_full_cmake_asan`: partially old
version in crypto. Take the tls version.
* `component_test_malloc_0_null` and more: take
`component_test_malloc_0_null` from crypto (with `config.py` rather than
`config.pl`, and with `$ASAN_FLAGS` rather than an explicit list), but
add the call to `ssl-opt.sh` from tls. Take the other components from
crypto.
With this commit, building and running the unit tests with both `make ` and
`cmake` work in the default configuration on Linux. Other platforms, build
systems and configurations are likely not to work, and there is some
regression in test coverage.
There is some loss of functionality because the unremoval step restored older
versions of tls content. This commit contains the latest tls version of
tls-only files, but some changes from the tls side in files that existed on
both sides have regressed. Most problematic changes are hunks that remove some
tls-specific feature and contain either a C preprocessor symbol identifying a
tls-specific module or option, or the name of a tls-specific file. Hunks
that remove a tls-specific preprocessor symbol can be identified with the
regular expression `^-.*MBEDTLS_(ERR_)?(PKCS11|X509|NET|SSL)_`.
Subsequent commits will revert a few parts of the patch from this merge commit
in order to restore the tls functionality that it removes, ensure that the
test coverage includes what was covered in either branch, and fix test
failures.
This reverts commit 9afb2e9921.
Conflicts:
* include/CMakeLists.txt
* "Make config.h available" comment: there has been a change
adjacent to where it was removed. Just re-add what was removed.
* tests/CMakeLists.txt:
* compat.sh: there has been a change immediately before where it was
removed. Just re-add what was removed.
Counting of the fragments has been shifted from the writing section to
the reading. This is more reliable because one reading is made for one
fragment and during one write the library can internally divide data
into two fragments
Signed-off-by: Piotr Nowicki <piotr.nowicki@arm.com>
Initialize variables to NULL before doing any operations that might fail.
This fixes a case where the allocation fails on the first context, which
previously made the code free the second, uninitialized context.
Signed-off-by: Andrzej Kurek <andrzej.kurek@arm.com>
Add a conditional buffer resizing feature. Introduce tests exercising
it in various setups (serialization, renegotiation, mfl manipulations).
Signed-off-by: Andrzej Kurek <andrzej.kurek@arm.com>
Adds an additional boundary check to the test parameter bytes_arg in
generate_random() in test_suite_psa_crypto.function.
This is to check against a possible underflow, and to avoid a warning,
"argument ... exceeds maximum object size", (-Werror=alloc-size-larger-than)
that GCC 7 generates.
Signed-off-by: Simon Butcher <simon.butcher@arm.com>
Exercise the feature alone, with record splitting and DTLS connection ID.
Signed-off-by: Andrzej Kurek <andrzej.kurek@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Darryl Green <darryl.green@arm.com>
For this test it is good to have a handshake messages length as big as
possible, so for the server the certificate verification mode is
changed from default NONE to REQUIRED. It requires the client to send
certificate date to the server during handshake
Signed-off-by: Piotr Nowicki <piotr.nowicki@arm.com>
Create and provide a structure with default options so that the caller won't have
to pass all of the parameters each time the handshake is called. In the future
this can be improved so that the options are passed as a string, just like in
ssl-opt.sh.
Signed-off-by: Andrzej Kurek <andrzej.kurek@arm.com>
(Only the top-level ones, ie, for each call to eg asn1_get_mpi(), ensure
there's at least one test case that makes this call fail in one way, but don't
test the various ways to make asn1_get_mpi fail - that should be covered
elsewhere.)
- the new checks added by the previous commits needed exercising
- existing tests sometimes had wrong descriptions or where passing for the
wrong reason (eg with the "length mismatch" test, the function actually
failed before reaching the length check)
- while at it, add tests for the rest as well
The valid minimal-size key was generated with:
openssl genrsa 128 2>/dev/null | openssl rsa -outform der 2>/dev/null | xxd -p
Files deleted by us: keep them deleted.
```
git rm $(git status -s | sed -n 's/^DU //p')
```
Individual files with conflicts:
* `README.md`: keep the crypto version.
* `doxygen/input/doc_mainpage.h`: keep the crypto version (with an obsolete Mbed Crypto version number).
* `include/mbedtls/error.h`:
* `ERROR`: similar additions made through parallel commits, with only whitespace differences. Align with the tls version.
* `library/CMakeLists.txt`: keep the crypto version.
* `library/Makefile`: keep the crypto version.
* `scripts/generate_errors.pl`: keep the crypto version (the relevant changes were made through parallel commits).
* `tests/scripts/check-test-cases.py`:
* `Results`: keep the crypto version, which has both the new argument to the constructor (added in crypto only) and the class docstring (added through parallel commits).
* `tests/suites/helpers.function`:
* `ARRAY_LENGTH`, `ASSERT_ALLOC`: additions in the same location. Keep both, in indifferent order.
* `tests/suites/target_test.function`:
* `receive_uint32`: keep the crypto version which has an additional bug fix. The tls changes made in tls are irrelevant after this bug fix.
* `visualc/VS2010/mbedTLS.vcxproj`: run `scripts/generate_visualc_files.pl`.
Review of non-conflicting changes:
* `all.sh`: 1 change.
* zlib test components: don't add them.
* `include/CMakeLists.txt`: 1 change.
* `target_include_directories`: doesn't work as is (different target name). Don't take the change.
* All other non-conflicting changes: take them.
Let the caller decide what certificates and keys are loaded (EC/RSA)
instead of loading both for the server, and an unspecified one
for the client. Use only DER encoding.
Change the encoding of key types, EC curve families and DH group
families to make the low-order bit a parity bit (with even parity).
This ensures that distinct key type values always have a Hamming
distance of at least 2, which makes it easier for implementations to
resist single bit flips.
All key types now have an encoding on 32 bits where the bottom 16 bits
are zero. Change to using 16 bits only.
Keep 32 bits for key types in storage, but move the significant
half-word from the top to the bottom.
Likewise, change EC curve and DH group families from 32 bits out of
which the top 8 and bottom 16 bits are zero, to 8 bits only.
Reorder psa_core_key_attributes_t to avoid padding.
Remove the values of curve encodings that are based on the TLS registry
and include the curve size, keeping only the new encoding that merely
encodes a curve family in 8 bits.
Keep the old constant names as aliases for the new values and
deprecate the old names.
Define constants for ECC curve families and DH group families. These
constants have 0x0000 in the lower 16 bits of the key type.
Support these constants in the implementation and in the PSA metadata
tests.
Switch the slot management and secure element driver HAL tests to the
new curve encodings. This requires SE driver code to become slightly
more clever when figuring out the bit-size of an imported EC key since
it now needs to take the data size into account.
Switch some documentation to the new encodings.
Remove the macro PSA_ECC_CURVE_BITS which can no longer be implemented.
Change the representation of psa_ecc_curve_t and psa_dh_group_t from
the IETF 16-bit encoding to a custom 24-bit encoding where the upper 8
bits represent a curve family and the lower 16 bits are the key size
in bits. Families are based on naming and mathematical similarity,
with sufficiently precise families that no two curves in a family have
the same bit size (for example SECP-R1 and SECP-R2 are two different
families).
As a consequence, the lower 16 bits of a key type value are always
either the key size or 0.
Don't rely on the bit size encoded in the PSA curve identifier, in
preparation for removing that.
For some inputs, the error code on EC key creation changes from
PSA_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT to PSA_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED or vice versa.
There will be further such changes in subsequent commits.
Key types are now encoded through a category in the upper 4 bits (bits
28-31) and a type-within-category in the next 11 bits (bits 17-27),
with bit 16 unused and bits 0-15 only used for the EC curve or DH
group.
For symmetric keys, bits 20-22 encode the block size (0x0=stream,
0x3=8B, 0x4=16B).
psa_hash_compare is tested for good cases and invalid-signature cases
in hash_compute_compare. Also test invalid-argument cases. Also run a
few autonomous test cases with valid arguments.
Because two buffers were aliased too early in the code, it was possible that
after an allocation failure, free() would be called twice for the same pointer.
Previously mocked non-blocking read/write was returning 0 when buffer was empty/full. That was causing ERR_SSL_CONN_EOF error in tests which was using these mocked callbacks. Beside that non-blocking read/write was returning ERR_SSL_WANT_READ/_WRITE depending on block pattern set by test design. Such behavior forced to redesign of these functions so that they could be used in other tests
This error occurs when free space in the buffer is in the middle (the buffer has come full circle) and function mbedtls_test_buffer_put is called. Then the arguments for memcpy are calculated incorrectly and program ends with segmentation fault
Before, the string to parse may contain trailing garbage (there was
never more than one byte), and there was a separate argument
indicating the length of the content. Now, the string to parse is the
exact content, and the test code runs an extra test step with a
trailing byte added.
If there was a fatal error (bizarre behavior from the standard
library, or missing test data file), execute_tests did not close the
outcome file. Fix this.
Fix get_len_step when buffer_size==0. The intent of this test is to
ensure (via static or runtime buffer overflow analysis) that
mbedtls_asn1_get_len does not attempt to access beyond the end of the
buffer. When buffer_size is 0 (reached from get_len when parsing a
1-byte buffer), the buffer is buf[1..1] because allocating a 0-byte
buffer might yield a null pointer rather than a valid pointer. In this
case the end of the buffer is p==buf+1, not buf+buffer_size which is
buf+0.
The test passed because calling mbedtls_asn1_get_len(&p,end,...) with
end < p happens to work, but this is not guaranteed.
In a unit test we want to avoid accessing the network. To test the
handshake in the unit test suite we need to implement a connection
between the server and the client. This socket implementation uses
two ring buffers to mock the transport layer.
In a unit test we want to avoid accessing the network. To test the
handshake in the unit test suite we need to implement a connection
between the server and the client. This ring buffer implementation will
serve as the said connection.
The new macro ASSERT_ALLOC allocates memory with mbedtls_calloc and
fails the test if the allocation fails. It outputs a null pointer if
the requested size is 0. It is meant to replace existing calls to
mbedtls_calloc.
We're going to create some edge cases where the attributes of a key
are not bitwise identical to the attributes passed during creation.
Have a test function ready for that.
When MBEDTLS_TEST_DEPRECATED is defined, run some additional tests to
validate deprecated PSA macros. We don't need to test deprecated
features extensively, but we should at least ensure that they don't
break the build.
Add some code to component_build_deprecated in all.sh to run these
tests with MBEDTLS_DEPRECATED_WARNING enabled. The tests are also
executed when MBEDTLS_DEPRECATED_WARNING and
MBEDTLS_DEPRECATED_REMOVED are both disabled.
Rename some macros and functions related to signature which are
changing as part of the addition of psa_sign_message and
psa_verify_message.
perl -i -pe '%t = (
PSA_KEY_USAGE_SIGN => PSA_KEY_USAGE_SIGN_HASH,
PSA_KEY_USAGE_VERIFY => PSA_KEY_USAGE_VERIFY_HASH,
PSA_ASYMMETRIC_SIGNATURE_MAX_SIZE => PSA_SIGNATURE_MAX_SIZE,
PSA_ASYMMETRIC_SIGN_OUTPUT_SIZE => PSA_SIGN_OUTPUT_SIZE,
psa_asymmetric_sign => psa_sign_hash,
psa_asymmetric_verify => psa_verify_hash,
); s/\b(@{[join("|", keys %t)]})\b/$t{$1}/ge' $(git ls-files . ':!:**/crypto_compat.h')
The test suites should always run self-tests for all enabled features.
Otherwise we miss failing self-tests in CI runs, because we don't
always run the selftest program independently.
There was one spurious dependency to remove:
MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_USE_128_BIT_KEY for ctr_drbg, which was broken but
has now been fixed.
First deal with deleted files.
* Files deleted by us: keep them deleted.
* Files deleted by them, whether modified by us or not: keep our version.
```
git rm $(git status -s | sed -n 's/^DU //p')
git reset -- $(git status -s | sed -n 's/^D //p')
git checkout -- $(git status -s | sed -n 's/^ D //p')
git add -- $(git status -s | sed -n 's/^UD //p')
```
Individual files with conflicts:
* `3rdparty/everest/library/Hacl_Curve25519_joined.c`: spurious conflict because git mistakenly identified this file as a rename. Keep our version.
* `README.md`: conflict due to their change in a paragraph that doesn't exist in our version. Keep our version of this paragraph.
* `docs/architecture/Makefile`: near-identical additions. Adapt the definition of `all_markdown` and include the clean target.
* `doxygen/input/docs_mainpage.h`: conflict in the version number. Keep our version number.
* `include/mbedtls/config.h`: two delete/modify conflicts. Keep the removed chunks out.
* `library/CMakeLists.txt`: discard all their changes as they are not relevant.
* `library/Makefile`:
* Discard the added chunk about the crypto submodule starting with `INCLUDING_FROM_MBEDTLS:=1`.
* delete/modify: keep the removed chunk out.
* library build: This is almost delete/modify. Their changes are mostly not applicable. Do keep the `libmbedcrypto.$(DLEXT): | libmbedcrypto.a` order dependency.
* `.c.o`: `-o` was added on both sides but in a different place. Change to their place.
* `library/error.c`: to be regenerated.
* `library/version_features.c`: to be regenerated.
* `programs/Makefile`: Most of the changes are not relevant. The one relevant change is in the `clean` target for Windows; adapt it by removing `/S` from our version.
* `programs/test/query_config.c`: to be regenerated.
* `scripts/config.py`: added in parallel on both sides. Keep our version.
* `scripts/footprint.sh`: parallel changes. Keep our version.
* `scripts/generate_visualc_files.pl`: one delete/modify conflict. Keep the removed chunks out.
* `tests/Makefile`: discard all of their changes.
* `tests/scripts/all.sh`:
* `pre_initialize_variables` add `append_outcome`: add it.
* `pre_initialize_variables` add `ASAN_CFLAGS`: already there, keep our version.
* `pre_parse_command_line` add `--no-append-outcome`: add it.
* `pre_parse_command_line` add `--outcome-file`: add it.
* `pre_print_configuration`: add `MBEDTLS_TEST_OUTCOME_FILE`.
* Several changes in SSL-specific components: keep our version without them.
* Several changes where `config.pl` was changed to `config.py` and there was an adjacent difference: keep our version.
* Changes regarding the inclusion of `MBEDTLS_MEMORY_xxx`: ignore them here, they will be normalized in a subsequent commit.
* `component_test_full_cmake_gcc_asan`: add it without the TLS tests.
* `component_test_no_use_psa_crypto_full_cmake_asan`: keep the fixed `msg`, discard other changes.
* `component_test_memory_buffer_allocator_backtrace`, `component_test_memory_buffer_allocator`: add them without the TLS tests.
* `component_test_m32_everest`: added in parallel on both sides. Keep our version.
* `tests/scripts/check-names.sh`, `tests/scripts/list-enum-consts.pl`, `tests/scripts/list-identifiers.sh`, ``tests/scripts/list-macros.sh`: discard all of their changes.
* `tests/scripts/test-ref-configs.pl`: the change in the conflict is not relevant, so keep our version there.
* `visualc/VS2010/*.vcxproj`: to be regenerated.
Regenerate files:
```
scripts/generate_visualc_files.pl
git add visualc/VS2010/*.vcxproj
scripts/generate_errors.pl
git add library/error.c
scripts/generate_features.pl
git add library/version_features.c
scripts/generate_query_config.pl
git add programs/test/query_config.c
```
Rejected changes in non-conflicting files:
* `CMakeLists.txt`: discard their addition which has already been side-ported.
* `doxygen/mbedtls.doxyfile`: keep the version number change. Discard the changes related to `../crypto` paths.
Keep the following changes after examination:
* `.travis.yml`: all of their changes are relevant.
* `include/mbedtls/error.h`: do keep their changes. Even though Crypto doesn't use TLS errors, it must not encroach on TLS's allocated numbers.
* `tests/scripts/check-test-cases.py`: keep the code dealing with `ssl-opt.sh`. It works correctly when the file is not present.
In pk_sign_verify, if mbedtls_pk_sign() failed, sig_len was passed to
mbedtls_pk_verify_restartable() without having been initialized. This
worked only because in the only test case that expects signature to
fail, the verify implementation doesn't look at sig_len before failing
for the expected reason.
The value of sig_len if sign() fails is undefined, so set sig_len to
something sensible.
Add pk_write test cases where the ASN.1 INTEGER encoding of the
private value would not have the mandatory size for the OCTET STRING
that contains the value.
ec_256_long_prv.pem is a random secp256r1 private key, selected so
that the private value is >= 2^255, i.e. the top bit of the first byte
is set (which would cause the INTEGER encoding to have an extra
leading 0 byte).
ec_521_short_prv.pem is a random secp521r1 private key, selected so
that the private value is < 2^519, i.e. the first byte is 0 and the
top bit of the second byte is 0 (which would cause the INTEGER
encoding to have one less 0 byte at the start).
The corner case tests were designed for 32 and 64 bit limbs
independently and performed only on the target platform. On the other
platform they are not corner cases anymore, but we can still exercise
them.
The corner case tests were designed for 64 bit limbs and failed on 32
bit platforms because the numbers in the test ended up being stored in a
different number of limbs and the function (correctly) returnd an error
upon receiving them.
The signature of mbedtls_mpi_cmp_mpi_ct() meant to support using it in
place of mbedtls_mpi_cmp_mpi(). This meant full comparison functionality
and a signed result.
To make the function more universal and friendly to constant time
coding, we change the result type to unsigned. Theoretically, we could
encode the comparison result in an unsigned value, but it would be less
intuitive.
Therefore we won't be able to represent the result as unsigned anymore
and the functionality will be constrained to checking if the first
operand is less than the second. This is sufficient to support the
current use case and to check any relationship between MPIs.
The only drawback is that we need to call the function twice when
checking for equality, but this can be optimised later if an when it is
needed.
